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      提高積分球中的LED光通量測試的准確性

      來源: | 發布日期:2023-03-23
              与传统光源不同,在使用积分球测量光通量的过程中LED光源的光通量测量对设备的准确性提出了很大的挑战。一方面,与传统光源相比,通常LED具有更强的方向性,不会再整个空间均匀地发光。该特征使得在积分球表面的LED直射光分布不均匀。这种不均匀分布将导致不同LED的直射光具有探测器的不同反射特征。由于探测器的位置和挡板的位置是固定的,各种反射分布的直接性能是信号波动。在普通测试系统中,不同发光角的LED存在差异,同一个LED的不同放置方向,具有不同位置的相同发射。即使额定光通量相同;实际测量值是不同的。根据客户的验证结果,普通LED测试系统的LED放置方向对于光通量测量结果的影响总是超过50%(不同方向测量同一LED的最大信号和最小信号的差值)

      当测量不同LED的不同发光角度时,由于积分球内部表面的分布差异使得直接反射的分布对探测器的影响不同,它直接影响测量精度的差异(如图1 所示)

      4841F02F-9D80-4d7a-9591-1D5FF3860DF9

      图1: 不同照明角度对LED测量有不同的影响

        另一方面,LED測試系統通常使用鹵鎢燈作爲標准光源,與LED相比,所使用的標准燈在外觀上,照明分布特征和光譜特性方面都有很大區別。因此,兩者的差異應由吸收系數修正。
        分析:
        積分球內部反射特性是使LED方向性對測量精度有影響的關鍵因素之一。在普通LED測試系統中,積分球表面塗層的反射率和朗伯特性不理想。一個原因是低反射率,另一個原因是漫反射特性差。低反射率的積分球表面的結果是LED直射光的結果是LED的直射光在幾次反射後逐漸衰減。然而,在整個光混合的過程中,直接照射光和反射光都占有很大的比例,這是主導的。在某些情況下,低反射率材料會對擋板探頭的背面産生強烈的陰影效應。然而,這是直線反射的光影效果導致測量不准確。
        此外,較低的漫反射率將嚴重影響信號的衰減。由于在光測量過程中,光在積分球中多次反射,每次反射都會産生一定的衰減,但反射度對光強的影響在多次反射之後得到加強。例如,反射光在積分球反射了15次,如果在反射率之間存在5%的差異,信號衰減可能會超過一倍。實際上,積分球的反射率的差異遠遠超過這一點。
        目前的LED測試系統還沒有被用作標准光源的標准LED。在測量過程中,我們仍然選擇使用標准鹵鎢燈作爲標准光源。由于標准燈和測量LED的外部結構差異很大,包括LED燈座的吸光影響以及標准燈具安裝位置和LED安裝位置之間的差異,所有這些都是影響測試結果的准確性的重要因素。

        解決方案:

        LPCE-2光谱仪&积分球LED测试系统是由上海力汕电子研发的一套LED测试系统, 完全符合LM-79和CIE相关要求, 有效解决了传统LED测试系统的各种缺陷。与传统积分球的大规模组装生产技术相比,力汕电子采用一次性成型技术来生产积分球,其形状完全符合4π或 2π的球面结构。力汕电子积分球还采用高反射和漫射率涂层,使灯是开口位置设计对准检测器位置。即使使用方向性很强的LED或在极端条件下使用位置模式,这种改进使测试结果保持良好的一致性。

        LPCE-2采用標准鹵鎢燈作爲標准燈與可選輔助燈結合,來測量LED燈座與標准燈座之間的差異對測試結果的影響。本標准燈已經由力汕電子校准實驗室嚴格校准;測試結果可追溯到NIM。

      針對上述LED測試結果的准確性問題,采用LPCE-2測試系統進行相應的測試。測試條件如下:使用5個高亮度綠色LED,功率約爲0.35W,照明角度約爲30°。LPCE-2測試系統用于9種測量位置,分別表示可能的LED位置模式,如圖2所示。

      811B8898-261A-4af2-8F3E-DDCAE8258F4B

      圖2:不同LED位置模式

        結論:

        被測光通量和LED位置模式之間的關系如圖3和如圖4所示。從測試結果可以看出,即使在最極端的情況下,當LED被放置在檢測器的開口的前後時,光通量測試結果的峰值仍然小于5%。這是一個非常好的測試結果。在實際測試過程中,LED光通量測量的重複誤差遠小于0.1%。由此可以看出,LPCE-2測試系統的測試結果可靠穩定,可以提供可靠的保證。這套標准系統不僅大大支持了LED的研發和生産,同時也是LED行業光學性能測量的理想選擇。
      A038B65B-61CC-4695-805C-A98037819FF0

      图 3:不同LED测试位置对应的光通量

      9F2D6F07-7682-410e-848A-EBC1EDD76B7F

      图 4:LED测试位置和光通量的关系

      上海力汕質量體系已通過ISO9001:2015嚴格認證。作爲CIE成員,LISUN産品基于CIE,IEC和其它國際或國家標准設計。所有産品均通過CE認證和第三方實驗室認證。

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      "Oh! tell it, please," said the two boys, in a breath. "After all it matters little," he said. Balmayne started. Not that he desired to show any courage and refuse. He knew why, none better, Lalage wanted to see his brother's wife. And he would have betrayed her to save himself without the smallest hesitation. The quality of castings is governed by a great many things besides what have been named, such as the manner of gating or flowing the metal into the moulds, the temperature and quality of the iron, the temperature and character of the mould—things which any skilled foundryman will take pleasure in explaining in answer to courteous and proper questions. The great religious movement of the sixth and fifth centuries—chiefly represented for us by the names of Pythagoras, Aeschylus, and Pindar—would in all probability have entirely won over the educated classes, and given definiteness to the half-articulate utterances of popular tradition, had it not been arrested prematurely by the development of physical236 speculation. We showed in the first chapter that Greek philosophy in its earliest stages was entirely materialistic. It differed, indeed, from modern materialism in holding that the soul, or seat of conscious life, is an entity distinct from the body; but the distinction was one between a grosser and a finer matter, or else between a simpler and a more complex arrangement of the same matter, not between an extended and an indivisible substance. Whatever theories, then, were entertained with respect to the one would inevitably come to be entertained also with respect to the other. Now, with the exception of the Eleates, who denied the reality of change and separation altogether, every school agreed in teaching that all particular bodies are formed either by differentiation or by decomposition and recomposition out of the same primordial elements. From this it followed, as a natural consequence, that, although the whole mass of matter was eternal, each particular aggregate of matter must perish in order to release the elements required for the formation of new aggregates. It is obvious that, assuming the soul to be material, its immortality was irreconcilable with such a doctrine as this. A combination of four elements and two conflicting forces, such as Empedocles supposed the human mind to be, could not possibly outlast the organism in which it was enclosed; and if Empedocles himself, by an inconsistency not uncommon with men of genius, refused to draw the only legitimate conclusion from his own principles, the discrepancy could not fail to force itself on his successors. Still more fatal to the belief in a continuance of personal identity after death was the theory put forward by Diogenes of Apollonia, that there is really no personal identity even in life—that consciousness is only maintained by a perpetual inhalation of the vital air in which all reason resides. The soul very literally left the body with the last breath, and had a poor chance of holding together afterwards, especially, as the wits observed, if a high wind happened to be blowing at the time. wouldn't have awarded the scholarship; some years they don't. Also-- As we returned, vistas of unreal definiteness showed us endless valleys lost in the distance, and vast spaces cultivated in green and russet stripes—the tea plantations that spread below the now vanished splendour of the snows. At a turning in the road stands a cross, erected there in memory of an epidemic of suicide that broke out among the soldiers of the English fort—a small structure of stone with an iron roof that faces the heaven-scaling range. Such as were able to work at making rope or straw mats earned an anna a day, the children half an anna. This was extra to their food, a cake of gram flour, which was all the allowance for twenty-four hours. But among those admitted to the poorhouse about a quarter of the number were unable to work. In a similar but smaller enclosure adjacent was the infirmary, a hospital with no physician, no remedies. The shrunken creatures lay shivering in the sun, huddled under rags of blanket. All were moaning, many were unconscious, wandering in delirium, shrieking, and writhing. One man, too weak to stand, came up grovelling on his hands and knees, taking me for a doctor, and beseeching me to go to his wife who was lying over there, and by her a dusky moist rag as it seemed—her very inside purged out by dysentery. 203 The Texan woman went back to the kitchen and finished cooking the supper for the hands—a charred sort of Saturnalian feast. "She can git her own dinner if she wants to," she proclaimed, and was answered by a chorus of approval. Cairness reddened to the roots of his hair, and the scar on his forehead grew purple. He understood that look now. And it hurt him more than any of the slights and rebuffs he had received since he had married Felipa. He had, like most of those who served under the general, a sort of hero-worship for him, and set great store by his opinion. It was only because of that that he had left Felipa alone upon the ranch. It had been their first separation and almost absurdly hard for two who had lived their roving lives. The French hastened to comply with this condition, on the understanding that Ormonde would immediately draw off his troops from Quesnoy; and the duke was obliged to announce to Prince Eugene that he was under this necessity, in consequence of the terms agreed upon between France and England; in fact, that he must cease all opposition to the French. Ormonde, therefore, not only gave the command for the retirement of the English troops, but also of all those belonging to the German princes which were in British pay. Eugene and the Dutch field deputies protested most indignantly against this proceeding, and the mercenary troops themselves refused to follow Ormonde. 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It was over ten years since he had bought any land, but now were renewed all the ticklish delights of calculation, all the plannings and layings-out, all the contrivances and scrapings and wrestlings. "Is the betrayer a captive?" asked the monk; and he fixed an anxious searching glance on the baroness.zyhg123.com.cn
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